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• Investigations In Electric Power Technology Solution Manual Pdf
• Investigations In Electric Power Technology Solution Manual Download

These days with emerging developments in all sectors and growing demands, electricity has become a priority for every individual and every organization. The basic procedure for power supply includes power generation, power transmission, and power distribution to the destinations. Naturally owing to a few technical faults, losses may occur due to power dissipation by some devices. These losses can be minimized using the fast-developing technology, but what about the other kind of losses? These are the losses caused deliberately by human beings for the sake of illegal access to power distribution. This is power theft.

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Electrical Power System Problems and Solutions Problem Description Duration Cause Effect Possible Solution Momentary Interruption Very short planned or accidental power loss 0.5 cycles to 3 sec Switching Operations attempting to isolate electrical problem and maintain power to your area Equipment trips off Programming is lost.

Power Theft in Developing Countries

In developing countries like India, power theft is one of the most prevalent issues which not only cause economic losses but also the irregular supply of electricity. It hampers the functioning of industries and factories, due to the shortage of power supplied to them. It causes a shortage of power supply to homes. It leads to loss of revenue by Government as individual enterprises may opt to install their own power generators, increases corruption in the form of bribes, and many more. Ultimately it is the country’s economy that suffers along with the country’s political reputation.

Power Theft in Developed Countries

Power theft is also prevalent in developed countries like the USA and Britain. According to Forbes’ report, in Canada, about $500 million of electricity is stolen in Ontario and up to $6 billion of electricity is pirated in the USA. Many individuals who cannot afford to pay the electricity bills often run wires directly to circuit breakers, tamper with meters or steal meters from vacant houses.

Check out live project details of Tampered Energy Meter Monitoring Conveyed To Control Room By GSM with User Programable Number Features

Two Ways of Power Theft

• Power Tapping: Often power theft is done during transmission by illegal tapping of the power lines to divert the power to the required destinations. It is also done by illegal connections to the power grid stations, which are cut at the time of billing.
• Meter fraud: In many areas where the manual reading of the meter is done, the person is often bribed to give false readings and thus the amount paid is for the lesser amount of power compared to the power actually consumed. Also, meters are tampered by obstructing the movement of the disk (usually electro-mechanical consists of slowly spinning disks to record the power consumed)

Two Methods to Monitor or Prevent Power Theft

• Energy Meter Tampering can be detected by using a simple arrangement of an IR led and a photodiode. It is used in cases where conventional electromechanical energy meters are used.

A photodiode is placed on the shaft of the rotating disk on the meter and is illuminated with IR light from the IR LED. In normal operation, the output of the photodiode gives a logic low signal to the Microcontroller. However when the meter tampers, i.e. the disk rotation is obstructed or the meter cover is removed, an obstacle is created between the LED and the photodiode, resulting in a logic high signal to the Microcontroller. The Microcontroller detects this change in logic signal and based on this, sends a message to the GSM modem through the level shifter Max 232. The GSM modem then sends the message about energy meter being tampered at the particular location, to the power distribution grid, and appropriate action is taken accordingly.

Either the power supply to the organization of the house is cut off or the energy meter is replaced in case of any damage.

A real-life example of this technique of power theft prevention using Energy Meter tampering detection is shown below:

• Power tapping can be detected by comparing the power distributed to the line and the power actually consumed by the load. This is done by installing an electronic energy meter at the load side and the meter readings are sent wirelessly to the distribution unit. This reading is received by the wireless receiver and is compared with the actual power given to the load. The difference in readings indicates the error and this error signal is given to a controller which in turn controls the secondary voltage of the transformer, thus causing the transformer to stop the supply of power. Thus power theft by tapping is detected and it is prevented by halting the power to the line totally.

At this point, we have seen that Electronic Energy Meters can be one solution to the problem of power theft. Let us have a brief idea about Electronic Energy Meters.

What is Electronic Energy Meter?

An electronic energy meter as its name suggests is the measuring device of the energy consumed in kWh. It, unlike a conventional electromechanical meter, uses basic electronic devices to compute energy consumption.

Investigations In Electric Power Technology Solution Manual Pdf

5 Reasons Why Electronic Energy Meters are Preferred these Days:

• Accuracy: The digital devices consist of auto-calibration techniques and thus the power and energy measurement is neither affected by the analog nor the sampling inaccuracies.
• Ease of Measurement: With the use of modern digital signal processors, it is possible to make complex calculations in a simpler way.
• Security: It eliminates the risk of tampering with the meter and provides an efficient way of calculating the energy units.
• Added Features: It can also come with added features like transmitting the information remotely through GSM or RF communication.
• Stability: The components used are not prone to mechanical wear and tear like their electro-mechanical parts and are hence more stable and last longer.

Working Principle of the Electronic Energy Meter

The basic Electronic Energy meter senses the current and voltage signals from the circuitry, converts them to digital signal and makes necessary calculations to get the units of electrical energy consumed.

The electronic energy meter consists of

• Sensors: Current and Voltage sensors are used to get the input current and voltage information from the circuit. The values of currents and voltages are conditioned to get net voltages and currents.
• Analog to Digital Converters are used to sample and quantize the analog current and voltage signals to give digital output.
• Digital Signal Processors are used to multiply the signals and carry on further processing to calculate the reactive power, apparent power, and the power factor.
• Microcontroller or Microprocessors to make necessary calculations for measuring the energy units.
• Display unit to display the energy consumed in kWh.

Working Example of Measuring Energy Units Using the Electronic Energy Meter

Basic Electronic Energy meter measurement takes place by counting the LED pulses at the rate of 3200 pulses per unit of electricity. A unit of electricity refers to the kilo watt units of power consumed in the given time in hours.

The digital Energy meter is connected to an optoisolator and for every electrical signal input from the Energy meter, the LED sends light pulses to the phototransistor, which converts them to electrical high and low pulses which are sent to the Microcontroller. The Microcontroller is also interfaced with a few push buttons to allow the user to enter relevant information about the number of hours. Based on this information and the input pulses from the optoisolator, the microcontroller makes the necessary calculations to calculate the energy units consumed.

Features of few practical Energy Meters:

• Anti tampering feature: Energy meters manufactured by HPL India provides anti-tampering features by using a reverse current connection to correct the energy.
• Added Features: Energy meters manufactured by EMC provide added features like programmable pulse frequency and display of measured variables.
• Current and voltage ratings: Most of the modern electronic energy meters have the current ratings of 10-60A and 230-400V.
• Prepaid Energy Meters: Electronic energy meters can also be used as prepaid energy meters which have the facility of getting a definite amount of energy units for a fixed amount of amount paid through a prepaid recharge card. The meter is interfaced with a microcontroller which makes the necessary calculations based on the tariff input and the energy units’ input.

Photo Credits:

• Electronic Energy Meter by directindustry

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Description

The 0.2 kW Electromechanical Training Systems (EMS) are part of a modular instructional program designed to teach electric power technology through laboratory observations. The program, divided in four subsystems, deals with the different techniques associated with the generation and use of electrical energy. The subsystems cover the common machines, and each subsystem is offered with its courseware presented in a student manual.
Each subsystem is available as a package that consists of the equipment necessary to perform the laboratory exercises presented in the correlated student manual.

Features & Benefits

• Sturdy workstations and modules constructed of heavy-gauge steel, finished in baked enamel
• Cutaway bell housings to permit visual inspection of the internal construction and observation of the machine during operation
• The shaft of each machine has a concave and slotted end to facilitate the use of tachometers, holding brakes, plugging switches, or inertia wheels
• Metering modules are designed to cover the complete range of required measurements with a minimum number of meters
• System conception and load components simplify calculations required in the learning process
• Safe: all electrical components can be interconnected without electric shock hazard as all live parts of the plugs are concealed and insulated
• Comprehensive curriculum
• Estimated total program duration: approximately 150 hours

List of equipment

Optional Equipment

Downloads

Product Fixes

EMS Wattmeter, 1-phase (8431)

8960-1x - Prime Mover / Dynamometer

Investigations In Electric Power Technology Solution Manual Download

Synchronizing Module 8621-0x pilot lamps problem